Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
What is PCOS?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterized by irregular menstrual periods, elevated levels of androgens (male hormones), and polycystic ovaries, which contain multiple small, fluid-filled sacs known as follicles. These follicles often fail to release eggs regularly, leading to ovulation issues and irregular periods.
The exact cause of PCOS is unknown, but it is associated with an increased risk of developing health problems later in life, such as type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol levels, and heart disease. It’s important to note that not all women with PCOS have polycystic ovaries, and not all women with ovarian cysts have PCOS.
Early diagnosis and treatment of PCOS are crucial to manage symptoms and reduce the risk of long-term health complications. If you experience symptoms such as irregular periods, excessive hair growth, acne, or difficulty conceiving, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare professional for evaluation and guidance.
Signs and Symptoms of PCOS
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) manifests through various signs and symptoms, including:
- Menstrual Irregularities: Irregular or absent periods, heavy and painful menstruation, severe cramps, and lower back pain during menstruation.
- Hormonal Imbalances: Elevated levels of androgens (male hormones) leading to excessive hair growth (hirsutism) on the face, chest, back, or buttocks; oily skin or acne; thinning hair or hair loss from the scalp (androgenic alopecia).
- Reproductive Challenges: Menstrual disorders such as oligomenorrhea (infrequent periods), hypermenorrhea (heavy periods), or amenorrhea (absence of periods); infertility, often resulting from chronic anovulation (lack of ovulation).
- Psychological Effects: Mood disorders, including depression and anxiety.
If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare professional for evaluation and guidance.
What Causes PCOS?
The exact cause of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) remains unclear, but genetic factors are believed to play a role.
Research indicates that PCOS is associated with abnormal hormone levels, including elevated insulin. Insulin, a hormone produced by the poncreas, regulates blood sugar levels. Many women with PCOS exhibit insulin resistance, meaning their bodies don’t respond effectively to insulin. To compensate, the pancreas produces more insulin, leading to hyperinsulinemia. This excess insulin con increase androgen production, such as testosterone, contributing to PCOS symptoms.
Additionally, environmental factors and lifestyle choices, such as diet and physical activity, may influence the development and severity of PCOS. Understanding these contributing factors is essential for effective management and treatment of the condition.
How is PCOS Diagnosed?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is typically diagnosed after excluding other causes of androgen excess and confirming at least two of the following three criteria:
- Irregular or Infrequent Periods: Suggesting irregular ovulation.
- Elevated Androgen Levels: Indicated by blood tests showing high levels of male hormones, such as testosterone.
- Polycystic Ovaries: Identified through ultrasound imaging.
Meeting two of these criteria, along with the exclusion of other conditions, supports a POOS diagnosis.
Management of PCOS
While there’s no cure for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), its symptoms can be effectively managed through various strategies:
- Lifestyle Modifications: Losing as little as 5% of body weight can significantly alleviate symptoms and reduce long-term health risks. Engaging in regular physical activity and adopting a balanced diet rich in whole foods, lean proteins, and ample fruits and vegetables can improve insulin sensitivity.
- Hormonal Treatments: The contraceptive pill may be prescribed to regulate menstrual cycles and decrease the risk of endometrial cancer associated with irregular periods. For those seeking pregnancy, medications like Clomitene can stimulate ovulation, and if ineffective, Metformin may be recommended to lower insulin and blood sugar levels.
- Managing Excess Hair Growth and Hair Loss: The combined oral contraceptive pill can address hirsutism and alopecia. Additionally, topical treatments like Eflornithine cream can slow facial hair growth, and anti-androgen medications may be considered for excessive hair.
- Fertility Treatments: If conception is challenging, In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) may be an option, involving the fertilisation of eggs outside the womb and their subsequent plocement into the uterus. It’s important to note that IVF can increase the likelihood of multiple pregnancies in women with PCOS.
- Surgical Options: Laparoscopic Ovarian. Drilling (LOD) is a minimally invasive procedure that may be considered when fertility medications are unsuccessful.
Collaborating with healthcare professionals to tailor a management plan can help effectively control PCOS symptoms and enhance quality of life.